Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, 819-820 AD., Emir Al-Hakam I, Al-Andalus mint, Dirham.

Spain, Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) (711-1492 AD.), the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (AH 138-316 / 755-1030 AD.), Emirate, Al-Hakam I (Alhakén I, AH 180-206 / 796-822 AD.) , Al-Andalus, dated 204 H / 819-820 AD.,
Dirham (25-27 mm / 2,46 g), silver, axes irregular alignment ↑↘ (ca. 140°),
Obv.: ... , three lines Arabic script plus marginal legend, all within dotted circle.
Rev.: ... , four to five lines Arabic script, all within one dotted circle, marginal legend around, all within outer dotted circle.
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Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I (Arabic: الحكم بن هشام‎) was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).

Al-Hakam was the second son of his father, his older brother having died at an early age. When he came to power, he was challenged by his uncles Sulayman and Abdallah, sons of his grandfather Abd ar-Rahman I. Abdallah took his two sons Ubayd Allah and Abd al-Malik to the court of Charlemagne in Aix-la-Chapelle to negotiate for aid. In the mean time Sulayman attacked Cordoba, but was defeated and driven back to Mérida where he was captured and executed. Abdallah was pardoned, but was forced to stay in Valencia.

Al-Hakam spent much of his reign suppressing rebellions in Toledo, Saragossa and Mérida. The uprisings twice reached Cordoba. An attempt was made to dethrone Al-Hakam and replace him with his cousin Mohammed ibn al-Kasim. When the plot was discovered, in 16 November 806 72 nobles (accounts talk of 5,000) were massacred at a banquet, crucified and displayed along the banks of the river Guadalquivir. Such display of cruelty was not unusual during this period, with the heads of rebel leaders or Christian killed in expeditions to the north being put on show at the gates of Cordoba.

In 818 he crushed a rebellion led by clerics in the suburb of al-Ribad on the south bank of the Guadalquivir river. Some 300 notables were captured and crucified, while the rest of the inhabitants were exiled. Some moved to Alexandria in Egypt, some to Fez and Crete. Others joined the Levantine pirates.

Al-Hakam I died in 822 after having ruled for 26 years.