Vietnam, 1820-1841 AD., emperor Minh Mạng, 1 Van, KM 182b.

Vietnam, emperor Minh Mạng (1820-41 AD.), no date (produced 1820-1841 AD.),
1 Van (or 1 Phan) (21-22 mm / 1,16 g), cast copper alloy, square center hole,
Obv.: 明 - 命 - 通- 寶 , Minh-Mang-Thong-Bao, top-down-right-left of center hole.
Rev.: (plain) (center hole).
Toda no. 228 ; KM 182b .

Minh Mạng (14 February 1791 – 20 January 1841; born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 阮福膽, also known as Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu 阮福晈) was the second emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 14 February 1820 (his 29th birthday) until his death, on 20 January 1841. He was a younger son of Emperor Gia Long, whose eldest son, Crown Prince Cảnh, had died in 1801. He was well known for his opposition to French involvement in Vietnam and his rigid Confucian orthodoxy.
As Gia Long aged, he took on a more isolationist foreign policy, and as a result favored Minh Mạng, especially for his outlook. Minh Mạng pursued a sceptical policy to Christian missionaries, often trying to inhibit their activities by administrative means, and later by explicitly banning proselytisation. His crackdowns led to negative European sentiment towards Vietnam and fomented discontent at home and abroad which further antagonised Western attitudes towards Vietnam. As a result of his Confucian conservatism, Minh Mạng allowed little innovation in Vietnamese society, and in time its military in particular became antiquated. He restricted trade and exchange with Western powers. At home he strengthened the central administration and had to contend with several rebellions. The most serious came in 1833 when southern Vietnam revolted, leading to a civil war lasting a year. This was further deepened by an invasion into the same area by Siamese forces who had attempted to retake Cambodia from Vietnam. After a long struggle, his forces managed to regain control.